Maven 构建 & 项目测试（完整实战 · 2025 最新版）

目标：掌握 Maven 构建流程 + 单元测试 + 集成测试 + 测试报告 + 跳过策略

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一、Maven 构建全流程回顾

validate → compile → test → package → verify → install → deploy

阶段	命令	输出
compile	mvn compile	target/classes
test	mvn test	target/test-classes + 报告
package	mvn package	target/*.jar
install	mvn install	本地仓库 ~/.m2
deploy	mvn deploy	远程仓库

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二、测试类型与插件

测试类型	插件	目录	命名规范
单元测试	maven-surefire-plugin	src/test/java	*Test.java
集成测试	maven-failsafe-plugin	src/test/java	*IT.java

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三、项目结构（标准）

my-test-app/
├── pom.xml
└── src/
    ├── main/
    │   └── java/com/example/Calculator.java
    └── test/
        ├── java/
        │   ├── com/example/CalculatorTest.java      ← 单元测试
        │   └── com/example/CalculatorIT.java        ← 集成测试
        └── resources/
            └── test-data.json

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四、核心 pom.xml 配置

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0
         https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">

    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <groupId>com.example</groupId>
    <artifactId>my-test-app</artifactId>
    <version>1.0.0</version>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>

    <properties>
        <maven.compiler.source>17</maven.compiler.source>
        <maven.compiler.target>17</maven.compiler.target>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
        <junit.version>5.10.3</junit.version>
    </properties>

    <dependencies>
        <!-- JUnit 5 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
            <artifactId>junit-jupiter</artifactId>
            <version>${junit.version}</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        <!-- Mockito（模拟） -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.mockito</groupId>
            <artifactId>mockito-core</artifactId>
            <version>5.12.0</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <!-- 单元测试：surefire -->
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>3.2.5</version>
                <configuration>
                    <includes>
                        <include>**/*Test.java</include>
                    </includes>
                    <excludes>
                        <exclude>**/*IT.java</exclude>
                    </excludes>
                    <!-- 失败时继续 -->
                    <testFailureIgnore>true</testFailureIgnore>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>

            <!-- 集成测试：failsafe -->
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-failsafe-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>3.2.5</version>
                <executions>
                    <execution>
                        <goals>
                            <goal>integration-test</goal>
                            <goal>verify</goal>
                        </goals>
                        <configuration>
                            <includes>
                                <include>**/*IT.java</include>
                            </includes>
                        </configuration>
                    </execution>
                </executions>
            </plugin>

            <!-- 打包可执行 JAR -->
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-shade-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>3.6.0</version>
                <executions>
                    <execution>
                        <phase>package</phase>
                        <goals><goal>shade</goal></goals>
                        <configuration>
                            <transformers>
                                <transformer implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.ManifestResourceTransformer">
                                    <mainClass>com.example.Calculator</mainClass>
                                </transformer>
                            </transformers>
                        </configuration>
                    </execution>
                </executions>
            </plugin>

            <!-- 测试报告 -->
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.jacoco</groupId>
                <artifactId>jacoco-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>0.8.12</version>
                <executions>
                    <execution>
                        <goals><goal>prepare-agent</goal></goals>
                    </execution>
                    <execution>
                        <id>report</id>
                        <phase>test</phase>
                        <goals><goal>report</goal></goals>
                    </execution>
                </executions>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>

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五、代码示例

src/main/java/com/example/Calculator.java

package com.example;

public class Calculator {
    public int add(int a, int b) {
        return a + b;
    }

    public int divide(int a, int b) {
        if (b == 0) throw new ArithmeticException("除零");
        return a / b;
    }
}

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单元测试：CalculatorTest.java

package com.example;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.*;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
import org.mockito.*;

class CalculatorTest {
    private Calculator calc;

    @BeforeEach
    void setUp() {
        calc = new Calculator();
    }

    @Test
    void testAdd() {
        assertEquals(5, calc.add(2, 3));
    }

    @Test
    void testDivideByZero() {
        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> calc.divide(1, 0));
    }

    @Test
    @Disabled("临时跳过")
    void skippedTest() {
        fail("此测试被禁用");
    }
}

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集成测试：CalculatorIT.java

package com.example;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;

public class CalculatorIT {
    @Test
    void integrationTest() throws Exception {
        Calculator calc = new Calculator();
        assertEquals(10, calc.add(4, 6));
        // 模拟数据库/网络等
        Thread.sleep(100);
    }
}

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六、执行测试命令

命令	作用
mvn test	只运行单元测试（surefire）
mvn verify	运行单元 + 集成测试（surefire + failsafe）
mvn test -Dtest=CalculatorTest	运行指定测试类
mvn test -Dtest=*IT	运行所有集成测试
mvn test -DfailIfNoTests=false	无测试不失败

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七、跳过测试（4 种方式）

方式	命令/配置
命令行	mvn package -DskipTests
跳过编译+执行	mvn package -Dmaven.test.skip=true
pom.xml 配置	<skipTests>true</skipTests>
Profile 控制	-Pprod 跳过测试

<!-- Profile 示例 -->
<profile>
  <id>prod</id>
  <properties>
    <skipTests>true</skipTests>
  </properties>
</profile>

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八、生成测试报告

1. Surefire 报告（HTML）

mvn test
# → target/surefire-reports/

2. JaCoCo 代码覆盖率

mvn test
# → target/site/jacoco/index.html

打开浏览器查看覆盖率！

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九、构建 + 测试完整流程

# 1. 清理 + 编译 + 单元测试 + 打包
mvn clean package

# 2. 运行集成测试 + 验证
mvn verify

# 3. 生成报告
open target/site/jacoco/index.html

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十、IDEA 集成测试

1. 右键测试类 → Run ‘CalculatorTest’
2. Maven 面板 → verify 一键运行
3. Coverage 工具查看覆盖率

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十一、常见问题

问题	解决方案
No tests found	检查命名 *Test.java
IT.java 不执行	必须用 mvn verify
测试卡住	mvn test -DforkCount=0
内存溢出	export MAVEN_OPTS="-Xmx2g"

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恭喜！你已掌握 Maven 构建 + 测试！

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下一步推荐

方向	内容
Spring Boot 测试	@SpringBootTest
Mockito 高级	@Mock, @InjectMocks
CI/CD 测试	GitHub Actions + mvn verify
性能测试	JMeter + Maven

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