Pillow ImageTk 模块

下面给你一个 Pillow（PIL Fork）中 ImageTk 模块 的完整入门指南，包含与 tkinter 集成、图像显示、动态更新、动画播放、交互控件、性能优化等高级应用。
（基于 Pillow ≥ 9.0，Python 3.8+）

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1. 安装依赖

pip install --upgrade pillow
# tkinter 通常随 Python 安装

注意：ImageTk 是 Pillow 与 tkinter 的桥梁，必须在图形界面环境运行（不支持 headless）。

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2. 基本导入

from PIL import Image, ImageTk
import tkinter as tk

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3. ImageTk 模块概述

ImageTk.PhotoImage 是 Pillow 为 tkinter 提供的图像包装器，支持：

• 显示 PIL.Image 在 Label、Button、Canvas 等控件中
• 支持 RGB、RGBA、L 等模式
• 自动转换格式
• 保持引用防止垃圾回收

核心类：

• ImageTk.PhotoImage(image=None, file=None, **kw)：从 PIL 图像或文件创建

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4. 基础用法：显示图像

from PIL import Image, ImageTk
import tkinter as tk

root = tk.Tk()
root.title("Pillow + Tkinter")

# 打开图像
pil_img = Image.open("cat.jpg")

# 转换为 PhotoImage
tk_img = ImageTk.PhotoImage(pil_img)

# 显示在 Label
label = tk.Label(root, image=tk_img)
label.pack()

root.mainloop()

关键点：tk_img 必须保持引用（全局变量或绑定到控件），否则会被垃圾回收导致图像消失。

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5. 常见错误 & 解决方案

错误	原因	解决
图像空白	tk_img 被垃圾回收	绑定到控件：label.image = tk_img
图像变形	未设置 width/height	使用 Image.resize() 调整
程序闪退	未调用 mainloop()	确保 root.mainloop()

# 正确写法
label = tk.Label(root, image=tk_img)
label.image = tk_img  # 保持引用
label.pack()

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6. 高级应用

6.1 动态更新图像（实时刷新）

import tkinter as tk
from PIL import Image, ImageTk, ImageDraw
import time

class DynamicApp:
    def __init__(self, root):
        self.root = root
        self.canvas = tk.Canvas(root, width=400, height=300)
        self.canvas.pack()

        self.img = Image.new("RGB", (400, 300), "white")
        self.tk_img = ImageTk.PhotoImage(self.img)
        self.img_id = self.canvas.create_image(200, 150, image=self.tk_img)

        self.angle = 0
        self.update()

    def update(self):
        # 绘制动态内容
        draw = ImageDraw.Draw(self.img)
        draw.rectangle([(0,0), self.img.size], fill="white")
        x = 200 + 100 * tk.math.cos(self.angle)
        y = 150 + 100 * tk.math.sin(self.angle)
        draw.ellipse([(x-20, y-20), (x+20, y+20)], fill="red")

        # 更新 tk 图像
        self.tk_img = ImageTk.PhotoImage(self.img)
        self.canvas.itemconfigure(self.img_id, image=self.tk_img)
        self.canvas.image = self.tk_img  # 保持引用

        self.angle += 0.1
        self.root.after(50, self.update)  # 20 FPS

root = tk.Tk()
app = DynamicApp(root)
root.mainloop()

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6.2 播放 GIF 动画

from PIL import Image, ImageTk, ImageSequence
import tkinter as tk

class GIFPlayer:
    def __init__(self, root, gif_path):
        self.root = root
        self.gif = Image.open(gif_path)
        self.frames = [ImageTk.PhotoImage(frame.copy()) for frame in ImageSequence.Iterator(self.gif)]

        self.label = tk.Label(root)
        self.label.pack()

        self.current = 0
        self.play()

    def play(self):
        frame = self.frames[self.current]
        self.label.configure(image=frame)
        self.label.image = frame  # 保持引用

        self.current = (self.current + 1) % len(self.frames)
        duration = self.gif.info.get('duration', 100)
        self.root.after(duration, self.play)

root = tk.Tk()
player = GIFPlayer(root, "dance.gif")
root.mainloop()

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6.3 缩放适配窗口

def resize_image(event):
    global tk_img, label
    # 计算缩放比例
    ratio = min(event.width / orig_width, event.height / orig_height)
    new_w = int(orig_width * ratio)
    new_h = int(orig_height * ratio)

    resized = pil_img.resize((new_w, new_h), Image.LANCZOS)
    tk_img = ImageTk.PhotoImage(resized)
    label.configure(image=tk_img)
    label.image = tk_img

# 主程序
pil_img = Image.open("large.jpg")
orig_width, orig_height = pil_img.size

root = tk.Tk()
root.geometry("800x600")

label = tk.Label(root)
label.pack(fill="both", expand=True)
label.bind("<Configure>", resize_image)  # 窗口大小变化时触发

root.mainloop()

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6.4 图像按钮 + 点击事件

def on_click():
    print("按钮被点击！")
    # 可以更换图像
    btn.configure(image=tk_img2)
    btn.image = tk_img2

img1 = Image.open("play.png").resize((50,50))
img2 = Image.open("pause.png").resize((50,50))
tk_img1 = ImageTk.PhotoImage(img1)
tk_img2 = ImageTk.PhotoImage(img2)

btn = tk.Button(root, image=tk_img1, command=on_click, bd=0)
btn.image = tk_img1  # 保持引用
btn.pack()

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6.5 画布绘图 + PIL 图像叠加

canvas = tk.Canvas(root, width=600, height=400, bg="lightgray")
canvas.pack()

# 绘制 PIL 图像
pil_img = Image.open("overlay.png").convert("RGBA")
tk_img = ImageTk.PhotoImage(pil_img)
canvas.create_image(300, 200, image=tk_img)
canvas.image = tk_img  # 保持引用

# 绘制交互元素
rect = canvas.create_rectangle(100, 100, 200, 150, fill="blue", tags="rect")

def on_motion(event):
    canvas.coords("rect", event.x-50, event.y-50, event.x+50, event.y+50)

canvas.bind("<Motion>", on_motion)

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7. 完整示例：图像浏览器

#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
简单图像浏览器（支持翻页、缩放、GIF）
"""
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import filedialog, ttk
from PIL import Image, ImageTk, ImageSequence
import os

class ImageBrowser:
    def __init__(self, root):
        self.root = root
        self.root.title("Pillow Image Browser")
        self.root.geometry("900x600")

        # 控件
        self.canvas = tk.Canvas(root, bg="black")
        self.canvas.pack(fill="both", expand=True)

        self.toolbar = ttk.Frame(root)
        self.toolbar.pack(fill="x", padx=5, pady=5)

        ttk.Button(self.toolbar, text="打开", command=self.open_file).pack(side="left")
        ttk.Button(self.toolbar, text="上一个", command=self.prev_image).pack(side="left")
        ttk.Button(self.toolbar, text="下一个", command=self.next_image).pack(side="left")

        self.status = ttk.Label(self.toolbar, text="就绪")
        self.status.pack(side="right")

        # 状态
        self.images = []
        self.current_idx = -1
        self.tk_img = None
        self.gif_frames = []
        self.gif_delay = 0
        self.gif_after = None

        self.canvas.bind("<Configure>", self.resize_display)
        self.root.bind("<Left>", lambda e: self.prev_image())
        self.root.bind("<Right>", lambda e: self.next_image())

    def open_file(self):
        path = filedialog.askopenfilename(
            filetypes=[("图像文件", "*.jpg *.jpeg *.png *.gif *.bmp")]
        )
        if path:
            self.images = [path]
            self.current_idx = 0
            self.load_image()

    def open_folder(self):
        folder = filedialog.askdirectory()
        if folder:
            exts = ('.jpg', '.jpeg', '.png', '.gif', '.bmp')
            self.images = [os.path.join(folder, f) for f in os.listdir(folder) if f.lower().endswith(exts)]
            self.images.sort()
            self.current_idx = 0
            self.load_image()

    def load_image(self):
        if self.current_idx < 0 or self.current_idx >= len(self.images):
            return

        path = self.images[self.current_idx]
        self.status.config(text=f"{os.path.basename(path)} [{self.current_idx+1}/{len(self.images)}]")

        # 停止 GIF 动画
        if self.gif_after:
            self.root.after_cancel(self.gif_after)
            self.gif_after = None

        img = Image.open(path)

        if path.lower().endswith('.gif') and img.is_animated:
            self.play_gif(img)
        else:
            self.display_image(img.convert("RGB"))

    def display_image(self, img):
        self.canvas.delete("all")
        w, h = img.size
        canvas_w, canvas_h = self.canvas.winfo_width(), self.canvas.winfo_height()
        if canvas_w < 1: canvas_w, canvas_h = 900, 600

        ratio = min(canvas_w / w, canvas_h / h, 1.0)
        new_w, new_h = int(w * ratio), int(h * ratio)

        resized = img.resize((new_w, new_h), Image.LANCZOS)
        self.tk_img = ImageTk.PhotoImage(resized)
        self.canvas.create_image(canvas_w//2, canvas_h//2, image=self.tk_img)
        self.canvas.image = self.tk_img

    def play_gif(self, gif_img):
        self.gif_frames = [ImageTk.PhotoImage(frame.copy().convert("RGB")) for frame in ImageSequence.Iterator(gif_img)]
        self.gif_delay = gif_img.info.get('duration', 100)
        self.gif_idx = 0
        self.animate_gif()

    def animate_gif(self):
        frame = self.gif_frames[self.gif_idx]
        self.canvas.delete("all")
        self.canvas.create_image(
            self.canvas.winfo_width()//2,
            self.canvas.winfo_height()//2,
            image=frame
        )
        self.canvas.image = frame

        self.gif_idx = (self.gif_idx + 1) % len(self.gif_frames)
        self.gif_after = self.root.after(self.gif_delay, self.animate_gif)

    def resize_display(self, event):
        if self.current_idx >= 0:
            path = self.images[self.current_idx]
            if path.lower().endswith('.gif'):
                return  # GIF 不缩放
            img = Image.open(path).convert("RGB")
            self.display_image(img)

    def prev_image(self):
        if self.current_idx > 0:
            self.current_idx -= 1
            self.load_image()

    def next_image(self):
        if self.current_idx < len(self.images) - 1:
            self.current_idx += 1
            self.load_image()

# 启动
root = tk.Tk()
app = ImageBrowser(root)
ttk.Button(app.toolbar, text="打开文件夹", command=app.open_folder).pack(side="left")
root.mainloop()

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8. 性能优化建议

场景	建议
大图显示	先 resize 再 PhotoImage
频繁更新	缓存 PhotoImage，避免重复创建
GIF 播放	预加载所有帧
内存泄漏	确保 tk_img 引用被覆盖

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9. 常见问题

问题	解决
图像闪烁	不要重复 create_image，改用 itemconfigure
GIF 不动	忘记 after 循环
窗口关闭后崩溃	正确取消 after
透明图变黑	使用 RGBA + Canvas

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10. 官方文档

• https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/reference/ImageTk.html

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一键启动模板

from PIL import Image, ImageTk
import tkinter as tk

def show_image(path):
    root = tk.Tk()
    root.title("Quick View")

    img = Image.open(path)
    tk_img = ImageTk.PhotoImage(img)

    label = tk.Label(root, image=tk_img)
    label.image = tk_img
    label.pack()

    root.mainloop()

# 使用
show_image("demo.jpg")

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